Emile Berliner

Photo: Hulton Archive/Getty Images

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Technical GRAMMY Award: Emile Berliner

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Paul Charosh pays tribute to the audio pioneer behind the gramophone and microphone
Paul Charosh
GRAMMYs
Dec 2, 2014 - 4:06 pm
GRAMMY.com

(In addition to the GRAMMY Awards, The Recording Academy presents Special Merit Awards recognizing contributions of significance to the recording field, including the Lifetime Achievement Award, Trustees Award and Technical GRAMMY Award. In the days leading up to the 56th GRAMMY Awards, GRAMMY.com will present the tributes to the 2014 Special Merit Awards recipients.)

Emile Berliner was born in 1851 in Hanover, Germany, emigrated to the United States in 1870, and settled in Washington, D.C. During this decade a number of inventions of lasting importance were patented, including the telephone and the phonograph. Berliner's restless, inventive mind focused on these devices and he devoted his energies to improving them. 

His initial concern was with the telephone. Berliner wanted to develop a more efficient transmission and reception process and make the telephone a practical means of communication. He is known to his biographer, Frederic Wile, as "the maker of the microphone" and today an award with this title is offered annually by the Berliner family. During the 1920s modified versions of the microphone became routinely incorporated into the recording process.

Berliner's interest in sound recording prompted an attempt to improve upon Edison's phonograph and in 1887 he received the first of several patents. At this time those working with the phonograph believed it could become a voice transcription device useful in business offices and did not see its potential as a means of home entertainment.   Sound waves were cut vertically into revolving wax cylinders. These objects were fragile, difficult to store, and subject to attracting mold which rendered them unplayable. No method of reproducing copies of a specific cylinder existed. If a cylinder holding sound that was worth preserving was rendered unplayable, one had to record another one.

Berliner recorded on a disc, and sound waves were cut laterally, thus eliminating a source of sound distortion intrinsic in the vertical-cut process. Discs had a center hole and were held in place by a spindle in the center of the turntable on which the disc rested. His discs did not deteriorate with time, were easy to store, and if not abused, sound today as they did when recorded and sold during the 1890s. Berliner's device also allowed for the creation of a master disc from which many identical copies could be made. Berliner also understood the value of the gramophone as a source of entertainment and in 1895 he procured capital from a group of businessmen to found the Berliner Gramophone Company, which was instituted to manufacture Berliner's sound discs and the gramophone that played them. 

Though he passed away in 1929, Berliner's vision encouraged the development of the modern record industry, dependent through most of the 20th century on profits accrued from the sale of identically recorded discs distributed in mass quantities.

(Paul Charosh is a widely published researcher of historic sound recordings and 19th century American popular music. A retired educator, he taught for many years in the Sociology and Computer Information Science departments at Brooklyn College. In 2012 he published Berliner Gramophone Records In America: A Discography (Denver: Mainspring Press), a reference for archivists and advanced collectors.)

Ennio Morricone

Photo: Michael Gottschalk/Photothek via Getty Images

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Trustees Award: Ennio Morricone

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A tribute to one of film and television's most prolific composers
GRAMMYs
Dec 2, 2014 - 4:06 pm
GRAMMY.com

(In addition to the GRAMMY Awards, The Recording Academy presents Special Merit Awards recognizing contributions of significance to the recording field, including the Lifetime Achievement Award, Trustees Award and Technical GRAMMY Award. In the days leading up to the 56th GRAMMY Awards, GRAMMY.com will present the tributes to the 2014 Special Merit Awards recipients.)

Hear that whistling? That's not just the haunting sound of the theme to the 1965 classic spaghetti Western For A Few Dollars More, that's the signature sound of composer Ennio Morricone. And that theme was just the prelude to one of the most classic and enduring movie themes of all time: Morricone's theme to the 1966 follow-up film, The Good, The Bad And The Ugly. The series of iconic Sergio Leone-directed Clint Eastwood movies (that also included A Fistful Of Dollars) and their moody soundtracks full of kitschy instrumentation had such a powerful impact on film buff-turned-filmmaker Quentin Tarantino that decades later Morricone would score Tarantino films such as Inglorious Basterds and Django Unchained.

In between, Morricone scored more than 500 films and TV shows, won a 1987 GRAMMY for Best Album Or Original Instrumental Background Score for his work on The Untouchables, has been nominated for five Oscars and received an honorary Oscar in 2006 for his contributions to film, and became a towering institution in the film scoring world.

The son of a jazz trumpeter, Morricone was born in Rome in 1928. His musical gifts developed early. He was composing by age 6. In the late '50s he found work as an orchestrator and assistant to leading Italian film composer Nascio Nascimbene. Morricone himself began writing film scores in the early '60s, and early on connected with Leone's Westerns. It was during this time he began to cultivate his unique style, incorporating whistling, flutes, electric guitars, Jew's harp, and wordless choruses (with occasional vocal grunts) into his music.

He would go on to compose scores in various styles, earning Oscar nominations for Days Of Heaven (1978), The Mission (1986), The Untouchables (1987), Bugsy (1991), and Malèna (2000).

Prolific barely describes an artist who in just one year, 1969, racked up 22 different composing credits, and whose more than 500 film and TV scores since 1960 works out to more than 10 projects a year.

The wide appeal of Morricone's music and respect for the man resulted in We All Love Ennio Morricone, a 2007 tribute album featuring artists as varied as Celine Dion, Metallica, Roger Waters, and Yo-Yo Ma.

So the next time you find yourself whistling "The Good, The Bad And The Ugly" — which fellow arranger/conductor/composer Hugo Montenegro took to No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 with a sleek version in 1968 — know that you're quoting the work of a true master.

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Lifetime Achievement Award: The Isley Brothers

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R&B singer/songwriter Kem pays tribute to an R&B/soul institution
Kem
GRAMMYs
Dec 2, 2014 - 4:06 pm
GRAMMY.com

(In addition to the GRAMMY Awards, The Recording Academy presents Special Merit Awards recognizing contributions of significance to the recording field, including the Lifetime Achievement Award, Trustees Award and Technical GRAMMY Award. In the days leading up to the 56th GRAMMY Awards, GRAMMY.com will present the tributes to the 2014 Special Merit Awards recipients.)

The Isley Brothers have been making music for almost six decades. Nearly 60 years in music is tribute enough, but there are artists with long careers whose music never resonates with fans the way theirs has.

When I think about the Isleys' legacy, and what it has meant to me as an artist, I'm reminded of a hot, Kool-Aid-deprived day on Detroit's northwest side, just off of 8 Mile Road. I was holed up in a back bedroom at a friend's house, my face pressed against the speaker of a cassette player, my finger wearing out the rewind button. I played "Don't Say Goodnight (It's Time For Love)," one of their chart-topping singles from 1980, over and over. I was 9 years old, and regardless of it being Saturday, Ronald Isley was taking me to school. That was one of my first lessons on the importance of melody, and I was being taught by a master.

Fast-forward to 2013. I'm sitting at the board in a Detroit studio with none other than Ron Isley. Recording a song with him is the fulfillment of a dream. And here he is, in the vocal booth, hitting all the licks. The memory nearly brings tears to my eyes. That session was a moment for me, the closing of a circle through which a student was rewarded with an opportunity to honor a master.

You forget how many hits the Isley Brothers have had until you find yourself in the audience at a sold-out show: "Shout." "Voyage To Atlantis." "Harvest For The World." "Summer Breeze." "For The Love Of You." The Isley sound is rooted in gospel, and can be traced to the early 1950s in Cincinnati. But their good news has spread through doo-wop, disco, soul, R&B, and various fusions of sound. An Isley record is to music what The Godfather is to film. You've seen it a million times, you know every word by heart and, even if you don't catch it from the beginning, you're captivated until the end.

The last two active members of the the Isley Brothers are Ron and Ernie, but their career has truly been a family affair, with many an Isley helping to build the group's legacy, including Rudolph, and late brothers Vernon, O'Kelly and Marvin. They were also aided by the early encouragement of their father, a professional singer himself, and their mother, a church pianist who accompanied her sons' early performances. Oh yes, and a young Jimmy James played in their band in the '60s (you know him better today as Jimi Hendrix).

When in their presence, I get the sense that for them it has been, and will always be, about the music. In fact, Ron once told me, "We didn't really know it was going to turn into all this. We were just making music the best way we knew how."

How fitting, that at the core of the legacy, and the larger-than-life character Mr. Biggs, there's just a guy who likes to sing, and another who loves to play guitar. Should we be amazed that this perspective made the Isley Brothers' music the unofficial soundtrack to conception? That they've done it masterfully longer than most popular artists have been alive? That they really are your favorite artist's favorite artist? Their resilience, craftsmanship and ability to survive generations is not the result of commercial machination, but of the love of the music.

(A two-time GRAMMY-nominated singer/songwriter, Kem was featured on Ron Isley's 2013 single "My Favorite Thing," which is featured on Isley's album This Song Is For You.)

 

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Lifetime Achievement Award: Maud Powell

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Rachel Barton Pine pays tribute to an iconic violinist
Rachel Barton Pine
GRAMMYs
Dec 2, 2014 - 4:06 pm
GRAMMY.com

(In addition to the GRAMMY Awards, The Recording Academy presents Special Merit Awards recognizing contributions of significance to the recording field, including the Lifetime Achievement Award, Trustees Award and Technical GRAMMY Award. In the days leading up to the 56th GRAMMY Awards, GRAMMY.com will present the tributes to the 2014 Special Merit Awards recipients.)

Every industry needs its pioneers and the recording industry found one in legendary American violinist Maud Powell. She stood for the highest achievement in the art of violin playing and radiated an unbounded spirit of adventure. 

In 1904 Powell stepped into a recording studio to play into a recording horn and helped launch the science and art of recording the violin. She became the first solo instrumentalist to record for the Victor Talking Machine Company's Celebrity Artist series (Red Seal label), and for the first time, violin recordings entered into the Victor Red Seal catalog.  

Recognized as America's greatest violinist and ranked among the preeminent musicians in the world, Powell was known for breaking barriers. Her magnetic personality, brilliant artistry, scintillating technique, and versatility were unequaled and she used them to introduce classical music to countless new audiences at a time when few performers dared to face the uncertain concert conditions and hardships of travel in North America. She championed music composed by women and by Americans alongside the music of Europeans. She fathomed the depths of the Tchaikovsky and Sibelius violin concertos, giving them their American premieres when other violinists balked at their difficulties. She was among the first white instrumentalists to integrate the works of composers of African descent into recitals and recordings.

Powell recognized recording technology's potential to aid in her mission to bring the best in classical music to people everywhere. She recorded prolifically from 1904 until her untimely death at 52 in 1920, making more than 100 acoustic recordings. Powell mined the phonograph's potential to elevate the public's musical taste as she recorded only music that met the highest artistic standards. Through her recordings of short classical works and condensed versions of longer works, her artistry helped to revolutionize music appreciation. 

Powell's musical heritage is preserved by Naxos in four meticulously remastered CDs of 87 of her recordings. Even now, her playing as captured by the recording horn sets the standard by which today's classical recording artists are measured. 

Countless individual lives have been inspired and enriched by Maud Powell. Jascha Heifetz, Fritz Kreisler and Yehudi Menuhin considered her to be one of their musical heroes. Leading concert artists today include her repertoire in their programs. Students are inspired by her high ideals and mission to enrich the lives of everyone through music.

Maud Powell is the violinist I most admire. Dedicated to her art, brave in her repertoire choices, nurturing of young artists, tireless in utilizing music to break down social barriers and elevate society, her example inspires me every day.

(American violinist Rachel Barton Pine is internationally renowned for her interpretations of great classical works that combine her gift for emotional communication and her scholarly fascination with historical research. She is the music editor and advisor for Maud Powell Favorites, a collection of Powell's transcriptions and music dedicated to Powell, and in 2007 she released a best-selling recording of these treasures: American Virtuosa: Tribute To Maud Powell.) 

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Technical GRAMMY Award: Lexicon

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Multi-platinum producer Brian Malouf honors the magical sounds of the esteemed audio equipment manufacturer
Brian Malouf
GRAMMYs
Dec 2, 2014 - 4:06 pm
GRAMMY.com

(In addition to the GRAMMY Awards, The Recording Academy presents Special Merit Awards recognizing contributions of significance to the recording field, including the Lifetime Achievement Award, Trustees Award and Technical GRAMMY Award. In the days leading up to the 56th GRAMMY Awards, GRAMMY.com will present the tributes to the 2014 Special Merit Awards recipients.)

It was the first thing you noticed, even before the iconic console upon which it was often perched (sometimes on its own special plexiglass shelf) — that magical remote control known as the LARC (Lexicon Alphanumeric Remote Control). The off-white, fader-driven controller of the awesome digital reverb hidden away in the machine room that announced that the studio you were in was firmly entrenched in the new, modern digital age of reverberation.

It was in the control room of the studio I was taught in — the place where I learned to be a recording engineer — and it was the most fun and challenging of all the devices I stayed up nights learning how to use. I'm still employing those wonderful sounds today, and making new presets all the time.

The Lexicon 224 Digital Reverb was the most advanced and versatile digital processing device of its generation and a pioneering and mind-boggling way to enhance with echo, delay, time shift, and reverberation any source you cared to feed into it, and in the most convincing of ways. It gave engineers vast new powers of controlling the ambience in which to spatially place the elements of a recording in the bold new automation-driven mixdown suites of the early '80s. It was the predecessor of the 224XL and the 480L, those monster Lexicon digital reverbs against which all others have since been compared.

It was intoxicating. In addition to the superb reverb algorithms there were six delay taps in the delays section, all with individual control over high and low pass filters, depth of oscillation, time and panning. With this singular device, Lexicon products were vaulted into the stratosphere of the elite, must-have audio effects that the most demanding artists on the planet had to see (and hear) used on their tracks. We never had it so good.

From the humble beginnings of the first Lexicon Delta digital delay, to the Prime Time I — Lexicon's unique digital delay device with detent knobs that selected only prime numbers as possibilities for delay times — to today's PCM96, which allows an engineer to control all the parameters of a very sophisticated standalone reverb device from a Digital Audio Workstation and reset it with each new session and offers the range of reverb plug-ins that faithfully reproduce the algorithms of the reverb programs that made the company famous in the first place, Lexicon has remained a prime innovator and thrived in an era of almost unimaginable change in the processes associated with sound recording. The company and the designers behind these products have remained relevant to recording engineers working out of their bedroom or in the most serious recording studios in the world, and all the employees in every department at Lexicon are the most deserving recipients of the 2014 Technical GRAMMY Award.

(Brian Malouf is a multi-platinum producer, engineer and mixer who has worked with artists such as the Dave Matthews Band, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Pearl Jam, Queen, and Stevie Wonder, among others.)